Writer : Sandra Bakker
Gwangbokjeol (광복절), celebrated annually on August 15th, is one of South Korea’s most significant national holidays. Known in English as the National Liberation Day of Korea, it marks the day in 1945 when Korea was liberated from Japanese colonial rule, which had lasted for 35 years. The term “Gwangbokjeol” literally translates to “Restoration of Light Day” symbolizing the nation’s return to independence and the end of a dark period of foreign domination.
Historical Context
To understand the importance of Gwangbokjeol, it is essential to consider Korea’s modern history. Japan annexed Korea in 1910, following years of increasing influence and control over the Korean Peninsula. This period of Japanese rule was marked by harsh repression, forced assimilation policies, and the exploitation of Korea’s people and resources.
Koreans faced severe restrictions on their cultural and political freedoms. The use of the Korean language was discouraged, Korean history was altered or ignored in schools, and many Koreans were forced into labor and military service for the Japanese Empire. This period was also infamous for the exploitation of Korean women as “comfort women” for Japanese soldiers, a painful chapter in Korea’s history that continues to affect international relations.
The end of World War II on August 15, 1945, marked the surrender of Japan and the subsequent liberation of Korea. For Koreans, this day was not just the end of a war but the end of a long and painful struggle for sovereignty and national identity.
ⓒ한국관광공사 포토코리아-전형준
The Significance of Gwangbokjeol
Gwangbokjeol is a day of deep national pride and reflection in South Korea. It is a reminder of the resilience and determination of the Korean people in their fight for independence. The day is marked by various official ceremonies, cultural events, and displays of national pride.
1. Official Ceremonies:
– The South Korean government holds a grand official ceremony every year, often attended by the President, government officials, and citizens. The event typically includes speeches, a flag-raising ceremony, and a moment of silence to honor those who fought for Korea’s independence.
– One of the most touching moments is the singing of the national anthem, “Aegukga” (애국가), followed by the reading of the Korean Declaration of Independence. This document, originally proclaimed during the March 1st Movement of 1919, represents Korea’s enduring spirit of resistance against oppression.
2. Cultural Celebrations:
– Gwangbokjeol is also a day for cultural reflection. Many museums, historical sites, and cultural institutions host special exhibitions and events to educate the public about Korea’s colonial history and the significance of liberation.
– Traditional music performances, reenactments, and educational programs are common, offering a chance for younger generations to connect with their history.
3. National Symbols:
– On Gwangbokjeol, the South Korean flag, known as the “Taegeukgi” (태극기), is prominently displayed across the country. The flag’s symbolism of balance, harmony, and peace is particularly resonant on this day, as it represents the nation’s hard-won freedom.
– Citizens are encouraged to fly the national flag outside their homes and businesses, creating a sea of red, white, blue, and black across the country.
4. Personal and Family Reflections:
– Beyond public ceremonies, Gwangbokjeol is also a time for personal and family reflection. Many South Koreans visit memorials and graves of independence activists, or they may take time to learn more about the stories of those who contributed to the liberation movement.
– Schools often hold educational sessions where students learn about the significance of the day and the sacrifices made by previous generations.
Gwangbokjeol in a Divided Korea
While Gwangbokjeol is a day of celebration in South Korea, it is important to note that the legacy of liberation is complex. The division of Korea into North and South after World War II, along the 38th parallel, led to the creation of two separate states in 1948, each with its own government and ideology. This division has been a source of tension and conflict ever since, culminating in the Korean War (1950-1953).
In North Korea, August 15th is also recognized as a day of liberation, but it is observed with a different narrative that emphasizes the role of the Soviet Union and Kim Il-sung, the country’s founding leader, in the liberation effort. The divergent historical interpretations and the ongoing division of the Korean Peninsula mean that Gwangbokjeol carries different connotations on either side of the Demilitarized Zone.
Gwangbokjeol is more than just a public holiday in South Korea, it is a day of profound national significance that commemorates the end of a painful chapter in Korean history and the beginning of a new era of self-determination. It is a time to honor the sacrifices of those who fought for Korea’s independence, to reflect on the importance of freedom, and to celebrate the resilience of the Korean people. As South Korea continues to grow and evolve, Gwangbokjeol remains a cornerstone of its national identity, a reminder of the struggles of the past, and a beacon of hope for the future.
Places to Visit on Gwangbokjeol
If you’re in South Korea on Gwangbokjeol, there are several key locations where you can experience the significance of this national holiday firsthand. The main official ceremony is often held at the Sejong Center for the Performing Arts in Seoul, a site known for hosting important national events. Visitors can witness a flag-raising ceremony, patriotic performances, and speeches.
For those interested in a deeper historical understanding, the Independence Hall of Korea in Cheonan is a must-visit. This museum is dedicated to the history of Korea’s struggle for independence, with extensive exhibits on the colonial period and the liberation movement. The museum often hosts special exhibitions and events on Gwangbokjeol, providing a comprehensive view of Korea’s journey to independence.
Additionally, the National Museum of Korean Contemporary History in Seoul offers exhibitions that explore Korea’s modern history, including its colonial past and the significance of Gwangbokjeol.
Finally, many local memorials and historical sites across the country hold events and ceremonies to honor the day. Whether in Seoul or other regions, these locations offer opportunities for personal reflection and a chance to connect with Korea’s past.
